Antebellum Album #11: Ever Widening Circle

Block # 11 Ever Widening Circle by Pat Styring

In 1819 Emma Willard encouraged Connecticut-born Julia Pierrepont (also spelled Pierpont) to accept a position at a new female academy in Sparta, Georgia. Twenty-six-year-old Julia is usually described as one of Willard's pupils but only six years separated them so they may have been fellow teachers; it seems certain they were close friends. When Julia asked Emma to sign the first page of her autograph album Emma enclosed a note celebrating their---

"League of friendship. This is not marriage but it is something like it. Mutually to love, to trust, to rejoice, and mourn together---such is the relation which subsists between Julia Pierpont Werne and Emma Willard."

More than an educated young woman, Julia was a missionary "in the cause of women's education," according to Anne Firor Scott who has studied Willard's influence, characterizing it as an "Ever Widening Circle."

Emma Hart Willard (1787-1870) taught in several schools,

the most famous being her Troy Seminary in New York.

Student Elizabeth Cady Stanton recalled "a splendid looking woman...my idea for a queen....She was always robed---one must use the word 'robed' so majestic was her bearing---in rich black silk or satin, and her head was crowned with a large white mull turban."

Friend Julia married Richard Henry Warne of Mayfield, New York in 1820 or 1822 and returned to Vermont. 

"Henry Warne

Infant Child of 

RH & Julia Pierrepont

Warne"

The baby's tombstone with its weeping willow is

near his father's in Manchester, Vermont.

Their only child Henry died as an infant and Richard, only 28, followed in 1824. Julia seems to have gone back to Sparta, a prosperous cotton producing town.

Mid-century school in Sparta, Georgia. Cotton made Sparta

and cotton's demise killed it. The town is full of 19th-century

buildings reflecting those ups and downs.

In 1832 she accepted an offer from Elias Marks of Columbia, South Carolina. Dr. Marks, a physician, was almost as dedicated to educational innovations as Emma Willard. His medical degree was from New York but he was born in Charleston of Jewish immigrants from London.

1850 Lithograph by Eugene Dovilliers

 South Carolina College for men

made Columbia the state's educational center.

His first school in Columbia was begun with wife Jane Barham Marks but after her death giving birth to their fourth child in 1827 he closed the school and opened another north of town in the sand hills,  a healthier location he hoped. He called the acreage Barhamville after Jane's family.

Barhamville school, painted about 1860 by Eugene Dovilliers,

 the obligatory French-born faculty member.

Julia became head mistress at Barhamville and converted Elias Marks to Emma Willard's educational philosophies and curriculum. She married Dr. Marx in 1832. 

The South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute attracted wealthy families from nearby states, including Georgian Mittie Bulloch Roosevelt (see block # 9) and John Calhoun's daughter Anna Maria. The curriculum was more academic than ornamental. Mary Kelley in her history of women's education called it one "of antebellum America's leading schools."  The Markses educated 4,000 students over 32 years.

Could that be Julia P. Marks leading 

students in a promenade in Dovilliers's painting?

Julia gave birth to several children but only Edwina and Edward lived to adulthood. Edward, a student at Harvard in 1861, returned to Columbia with the war.

Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson (1817-1885) founded 

Clemson University, another link in the 

Willard educational network.

Some of the places Julia lived from Vermont to Georgia

The Block

Ever Widening Circle by Mark Lauer

Recall Emma Willard's ever-widening circle of educators with a block of ever-widening squares.

.

Massachusetts album dated 1854 - 55 from Forsyth's Auctions

This square in a square design made an excellent friendship block, leaving room for lengthy sentiments. Our block goes around the square three times, but variations increase the complexity.

The pattern is BlockBase #2376, called

Hour Glass by the Ladies Art Company around 1890.

Just three ever-widening squares...

Denniele Bohannon kept going. Our pattern stops at three.

Cutting a 12" Finished Block

A - Cut 2 squares 6-7/8". Cut each in half diagonally to make 2 triangles. You need 4 triangles.

B - Cut 1 square 7-1/4". Cut into 4 triangles with 2 diagonal cuts. You need 4 triangles.

C - Cut 1 square 6-1/2".

Sewing 

Ever Widening Circle by Mark Lauer

A Sentiment for November

A classic laurel wreath with the date 1854 featured

During the War & After

"Mrs. A.B. Kinsler

Columbia

SC"

Detail of a block from a set dated 1861.

Charleston Museum of Art

Elias and Julia Marks kept their school open as war descended but gave its supervision over to two French Mesdames, Acelie Togno, who moved her school from Charleston, which was under Union bombardment, and later Sophie Sosnowski. Samuela and Hattie Palmer spent some of their war years boarding at Barhamville. In April, 1861 Dr. Marks gave the girls permission to send off the first trainload of soldiers with waving and shouting.

Elias Marks wrote a song at the beginning of the war Chicora

"dedicated to the patriotic ladies of the Southern Confederated States"

with a small sketch of Barhamville.

Much of Columbia burned during Sherman's occupation in 1864.

The school remained untouched due to Dr. Marks's firefighting efforts. 

Photo by George N. Barnard 

Eight months after the war Ann Beaufort Sims heard from Edwina Marks that her parents were "very destitute."

"Barhamville, tis true, has not burnt, but at present they have no income at all....Dr. M. is too infirm to think of opening B. as a school again....Both Dr. and Mrs. M. look very badly. They seemed very glad to see me and I think it affords them real pleasure to receive visits from their old pupils."

Two years later Beaufort's sister Leora wrote that the Markses were boarding with her family while everyone hoped that the giant school building, a white elephant, might be sold. "I do hope they will carry out the plan so these old people can have something to live on..."

Nothing came of the plan. The Marks family moved to Washington City where Edwina supported her family with a clerical job. Julia died there in 1878 and Dr. Marks died in 1886 at 95 years of age. The abandoned South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute burned in 1869.

Two by Becky Brown

Ever Widening

Two variations of a square inside a square block in an album documented in the Connecticut project.

http://www.quiltindex.org/fulldisplay.php?kid=47-7B-746

More to Read:
Anne Fiore Scott "The Ever Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from the Troy Female Seminary, 1822-1872," History of Education Quarterly, XXIX (1979)

Quilts "In War Time" #2: King Cotton

Cigar brand label

Terms like Cotton Famine and King Cotton are catchy phrases that were commonplace in Civil War discussions and still resonate today.

Speculation about a cotton famine a few months after Fort Sumter in 1861.

Did the cotton famine result in fewer quilts dated during the Civil War years?

"King Cotton" was a basic platform of secessionism, a short hand term for Confederate foreign policy based on the illusion that the South without any real industry could win a war in the industrial age.

Louis Wigfall, born and raised in South Carolina was a leading

Fire-Eater, a nickname for vehement secessionists 

English reporter William Howard Russell recorded an eve-of-war conversation at the attack on Fort Sumter with Fire-Eater Louis Wigfall of Texas who explained the Southern ideal of an agricultural aristocracy.

"We are an agricultural people; we are a primitive but a civilized people. We have no cities — we don't want them. We have no literature — we don't need any yet. We have no press — we are glad of it.... We want no manufactures: we desire no trading, no mechanical or manufacturing classes. As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco, and our cotton, we can command wealth to purchase all we want...." 

A bale of cotton weighed about 450-500 pounds

Before the war, the Southern United States was the leading supplier of raw cotton to two industrial nations, Great Britain and the United States ---- the Northern states. Southern crops made up nearly 80% of Britain's pre-war raw cotton supplies.

Thomas Nast drawing

Jefferson Davis and Confederate leaders believed they held the key to winning the war in Britain's reliance on American cotton. King Cotton dictated that the Confederacy withhold cotton exports to English ports creating a Cotton Famine that would encourage Great Britain to side with the Confederacy. Former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond summarized the principle:
 "You dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king!"

Union cartoon ridiculing the Manchester, England industrialists

who would support the South, choosing economics over human rights.

We tend to think that Northern blockades interrupted cotton trade between Liverpool and Charleston and New Orleans, but the main impediment was Confederate policy forbidding exports. The cotton piled up on wharves and in warehouses where it burned accidentally and deliberately or rotted away. 

King Cotton Bound, American eagle subduing the King. 

Note Confederate stars on the eagle's left wing; 

Union stars on the right.

Both sides disrupted cotton trade.

Blockade runners defied Southern foreign policy as well as Northern ships.

John Tenniel cartoon for the English Punch showing poverty-stricken

cotton operatives looking to Britannia and the neighbors for help.

English mill closings in the early 1860s were propagandized to be the results of successful Confederate planning. Surely, the Queen and Parliament would break their neutrality policy rather than see their workers starve. But in reality, cotton mills in Northern England suffered periodic swings between prosperity and poverty and the Confederate Cotton Famine had very little to do with the grievous situation in Lancaster. British cotton brokers and the mills began the Civil War years with a surplus of cotton in storage waiting for a market revival. 

John Bull observing the fraternal quarrel in the American shop.

"If you two like fighting better than business, I shall deal at the other shop."

Note the Indian shop owner with a store full of bales across the street.

Britain remained neutral and bought their cotton in India. Realizing that cotton was not King, the Confederacy changed policy to trade the commodity for English-built ships and weapons. By then English industry had recovered and the main source of their supply was India, in 1865 85% of the English cotton. Confederate cotton farming did not recover. Cotton production in 1864 yielded 300,000 bales, down from four and a half million in 1861.

Signature quilt dated 1865

The real cotton famine was in New England, which supplied much of the American calico market. Next week: A look at the price per pound and per yard.

Quilt dated 1864 from the Nebraska project & the Quilt Index.

Frauenrechtequilt: Women's Rights Quilt

Regina from Germany has sent photos of her two pieced samplers

made from a Block of the Week I designed about 5 years ago.

Mary Britton's label

Grandmother's Choice had 36 blocks chosen for their relationship to women's right to vote and a separate blog address:

http://grandmotherschoice.blogspot.com/

Regina has created a website for German quilters to celebrate the 100th anniversary of women's voting rights in Germany in 2018 with an index to each pattern.

https://100jahrefrauenwahlrecht.blogspot.com/

Her Layout

She also has a blog with her progress on her two quilts:

https://frauenrechtequilt.blogspot.com/

Detail of Mary Britton's quilt

Lavonna made one for her son

Mary Martha's

Regina did two versions

Sandy put a frame around each block

Amanda's

Thanks to Regina for translating my stories and for doing the website with index. And congratulations on the German Centennial.